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Achondroplasia

January 29, 2024

Pedsortho.com Staff

Topics - Congenital

Nature, Causes and Treatment of Achondroplasia

Achondroplasia is the most common form of dwarfism, a genetic condition characterized by short stature and disproportionately short limbs. It results from a mutation in the FGFR3 gene, which affects the growth of bone in the arms, legs, and spine. Here are key aspects of achondroplasia in children:

Characteristics

  • Short Stature: One of the most noticeable features is a significantly shorter-than-average height.

  • Short Limbs: Particularly short upper arms and thighs.

  • Large Head: A larger-than-average head size with a prominent forehead.

  • Spinal Abnormalities: Including lordosis (swayback) and, later in life, possibly kyphosis (hunchback).

  • Normal Intelligence: Children with achondroplasia typically have normal intellectual development.

Causes

  • Genetic Mutation: Most cases result from a spontaneous mutation in the FGFR3 gene.

  • Inheritance Pattern: It can be inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning only one copy of the mutated gene is needed to cause the condition.

Diagnosis

  • Physical Examination: Characteristic physical features often lead to a diagnosis shortly after birth.

  • Genetic Testing: Can confirm the diagnosis by identifying the FGFR3 gene mutation.

  • Radiographic Imaging: X-rays can reveal characteristic changes in bone structure.

Treatment and Management

  • Monitoring Growth and Development: Regular check-ups are important to monitor growth and identify any complications.

  • Addressing Orthopedic Issues: Surgical and non-surgical treatments for skeletal abnormalities may be required.

  • Management of Other Health Issues: Such as sleep apnea, ear infections, and obesity.

  • Support and Counseling: Psychological support and counseling can help with social and emotional challenges.

Prognosis

  • Life Expectancy: Generally normal or near-normal life expectancy, although some health issues are more common.

  • Quality of Life: With proper medical care and support, most individuals with achondroplasia lead fulfilling lives.

Special Considerations

  • Avoidance of Certain Activities: Activities that strain the spine or risk head injury should be avoided.

  • Educational Support: May be necessary to address specific learning or physical challenges in school.

A multidisciplinary approach involving pediatricians, orthopedists, neurologists, and other specialists is often required to address the various aspects of achondroplasia in children. Early intervention and supportive care can significantly help in managing the condition effectively.

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